Art of illustrating phenomena.



C. F. BISHOP.

ART OF ILLUSTRATING PHENOMENA.

APPLICATION man JUNE 26, I917.

Patented June 25, 1918.,

Ilnmentcw:

Chan/ 441%- STATES PATENT OFFICE.

owns 1'. nxsnor, or noonns'rna, NEW Yonx, assrcnon renown nasr nnnc'rmc'COMPANY, OF ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, A. COBBORATION OF NEW YORK.

OF ILLUSTBATING PHENOMENA.

' Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented June 25, 1918.

Application filed June 26,1917. Serial No. 177,014.

To all whom it may concern: r I

Be it known-that I, CHARLES F. BISHOP, a citizen of the United-States,residin g'at Rochester, in the county of Monroe and State of New York,have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the Art ofIllustrating Phenomena; and I do hereby declare the following 'to be afull, clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enableothers skilled in'the artto which it appertains to'make and use thesame.

This invention relates to the illustration of phenomena which, either byreason of their inherently invisible character, or because of practicaldifiiculties arising from the character of the apparatus in which suchphenomena occur, it is impossible or difiicult to demonstrate inactualvisible form.

In connection with written or oral description of such phenomena it iscommon to use diagrams in which apparatus, and the phenomena occurringin the apparatus, are indicated by various more or less arbitrary orconventional symbols. In some cases such diagrams are arranged to showdifferent positions of the apparatus ordifierent stages of the phenomenaoccurring in the apparatus. previously used for the purpose in questionhave demanded, when at all complicated, a

either illustrate, or suggest to the imagination, the nature andsequence of the phenomillustrated, and thatthe arbitrary or conventionalsymbols which form these diagrams are represented in apparent motion,

such as a illustrate or suggest the phenomena represented.

The pictures may be reduced and reproduced in various we -known ways,but where the diagram to beshown is at all comviews of a series of Inevery case, however, the diagrams plicated in character thekinetographic pictures are preferably produced photographically on afilm-strip, by takln successive iagrams di ering from each other by theslight degrees necessary to produce the illusion of continuous motion.

The pictures so produced may then be reproduced by the usual projectingapparatus,

and used in connection with lectures or' ad- -vert1s1ng demonstratlons,or in other ways single sheet on which so much of the diagram as is toremain motionless is shown, and to modify this diagram, for thesuccessive views, by the use of separate movable symbols, which may beapplied, moved about, and removed as conditions require. I

The invention may be used in illustrating phenomena of variousnatures-chemical, physical, physiological, or even purely abstreet ortranscendentalthe symbols used being more or less abstract or arbitraryaccording to the nature of the subject. The invention is particularlyuseful, however, in

illustrating such physical phenomena as the actions of ma etism andelectric currents, and the flow o gases and fluids.

In the accompanying drawings ures 1 to 4, inclusive, represent oursuccessive views from'diiferent portions of a conthe Fig-f tinuousseries of kinetographic views, which 7 series is adapted, when suitablyprojected, to

show a moving diagram in accordance with the present invention.

The diagram illustrated is designed to,

show the sequence of operations occuring in :an internal-combustionengine and in the electric ignition-apparatus associated there with. Itwill be understood that the kinetogra'phicpictures may include anynumber of repetitions of the cycle of operations, and that the figuresin the drawings are taken from successive portions of a single cycle ofsymbols. In Fig. 1 theparts are shown as in positions corresponding tothe last art of the exhaust-stroke of the piston. e

int

cams 10, 11 and 12 which actuate, respecnaraoee haust-valve and theinlet-valve, are all shown in rotation, while the crankshaft l3 is alsoin rotation, and the piston it is shown as reciprocating, Fig. 4 sing aview which occurs as the piston nearly attains its uppermost position.The exhaust-valve is open, but has coenced a downward movement. Theescape of the exhaust-gases is indicated by arrows 16, which move, fromthe cylinder, through the exhaust-valve.

After a number of successive kins-tographic views in which the motionsabove indicated are continued, the parts reach the position of F ig. 2,which occurs during the intake-stroke oil the piston. The rotation ofthe cams and the crankshaft has brought them to the positions shown inFig. 2, and the inlet-valve l7 has been opened to admit combustiblemixture to the cylinder. lln this figure the inflowing gases areindicated by arrows 18, which are shown as moving through the carburetor19, past the valve l7,

and into and throughout the combustionspace in the cylinder.

Continued movement of the diagram results in the attainment of theposition shown in. Fig. 3, which occurs during the compresdill Elli

sion-stroke of the piston; Rotation ot the valve-cams has permitted.both valves to close, and the piston is in upward movement. Thecompression of the combustible mixture in the cylinder is indicated byvertically arranged arrows 20. At the moment when theintake-strolre'ends the arrows 180i F ig. 2 may be shown as moving intothe vertical positions of the arrows 20, and thereafter these arrows maybe shown as becoming shortened progressively as the piston rises. Whilethese arrows do not indicate anything which is actual orwhich could inany way be rendered visible in an engine-cylinder,

they are thought to be suggestive, to the mind, of the pneumaticvactions occurring within the engine. 3 *3 indicates also the moment atwhich the electric ignition-apparatus comes into 3 operation. In Figs. 1and 2 this apparatus til is shown as being idle, except for the rotationof the cam 10 by which its operation is controlled. lln Fig. 3 this camhas rotated to a position in which it permits the contactarm 21L,actuated by it, to engage the stationary contact 22 with which itcooperates, thus permitting current to flow, from a bat tery 23 throughthe circuit-controller and through the primary winding 2d of an induction-coil, this winding being arranged on one leg of a magnetic core25.

Since electric currents are in themselves invisible and there is no way,therefore, of

of a series of moving symbols or dots 2?. The conductors through whichthe currents flow are shown, throughout the .lrinetographic picture, inthe :torm of stationary parallel lines, and when no curent is flowing inthese conductors the space between these lines is shown blanh, as inFig. 2. At the moment when the primary circuit is completed "however,the spaces betweenthe parallel llnes are shown as filled at once withthe dots 27, which dots thereafter, throughout the continuation of theclosed condition of the circuit, more rogressively along the conductors,thus sym. olizing the flow of current throughout the circuit. Thus inFig. 3 and the succeeding views the dots are shown as moving through theprimary winding or the induction-coil and through the wires whichconnect the coil with the cir-" (suit-controller and the battery.

The flow of current through the primary winding 2% results inmagnetization of the it'll core 25, and this magnetization is also indias shown in Fig. 3, these lines being designed to illustrate thetheoreticallines of force in a magnet. Since it is well known that suchlines require a sensible time for their generation, the transition fromFig. 2 to Fig. 3 is preferably made to show, in the successivehinetographic views, first dots or short'discontinuous lines arranged inseries, and these symbols. extend in length in the successive views,until they ally unite themselves into continuous lines 26, as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 4t is a view talren from that part of the lrinetographic picturewhich illustrates the action of ignition and combustion in the engine.in this view the cam 10 has raised the contact-member 21', thus breamngthe primary circuit, and cessation of tlow oi current in this circuit isindicated by the immediate disappearance of the moving dots 27. Thisbreaking or the pary cir llltl lib,

cuit results in the disappearance or contraction of the magnetic linesof force 2%, and this phenomenon is suggested by the breaking up ot thelines 26 into short in= terrupted lines 28, as in Fig. 4t, and by therapid contraction and disappearance ct" these short lines.

The disappearance of the magnetic lines or force results, at leasttheoretically, in the flow of an induced currentin the secondary winding29 of the induction-coil, and this induced currentis shown in Fig. i bya series oi dots 30, which move throughout the 180 circuit for a shortperiod, indicated by a few su'ccessive views. The spark-plug 31 of theengine is conventionally illustrated, and the effect of ignition andcombustion in the engine-cylinder is indicated by the substitution, forthe compression-indicating arrows 20, of moving arrows 32 which start atthe spark-plug and radiate thence throughout the combustion-space in theengine-cyl inder. During the succeeding expansion, indicated by adownward movement of the piston, these arrows 32 may be shown aschanging their direction of movement and following the pistondownwardly, as the gases indicated by the arrows expand within thecylinder.

Where a diagram made in accordance with the present inventionillustrates an operation which occurs with the rapidity of the operationof an internal-combustion engine, the timing of the movements of thediagrammatic symbols will necessarily be very much slower than theactual timing of the operation in question, in order that the spectatormay have sufiicient time to see and grasp these movements. In fact, theoperations may be diagrammatically extended to any degree necessary forconvenience in explaining these operations, either verbally or bywritten matter appearing upon the kinetographic picture. At any desiredpoint, moreover, the kinetographic picture may be stopped and anordinary stationary diagram may be substituted, representing theparticular point in the cycle of operations at which the kinetographicpicture was arrested, in order that the lecturer may have as much timeas may be necessary to explain the particular conditions of affairs atthe moment in question.

The reference-numbers in the accompanying drawings have been inclosed incircles to indicate that they constitute no part of the moving diagramas represented in the kinetographic picture. It will be understood,however, that anydesired legends or reference-characters may appear inthe actual kinetographic picture, either temporarily or, throughout.

The invention is not limited to the exemplification thereof hereinbeforedescribed and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, but it may beembodied in various forms within the scope of the following claims.

The invention claimed is:

1. The improvement, in theart of illustrating phenomena, which consistsin the use of kinetographic pictures in which actual but inherentlyinvisible phenomena are indicated by arbltrary symbols which oocupydifferent positions in successive views to illustrate movementsuggestive of assumed characteristics of such phenomena.

2. The improvement in the art of illustrating phenomena, which consistsin the use if kinetographic pictures representing an electrical diagramin which stationary conductors are represented by stationary lines,while electrification of such conductors is indicated by symbols whichoccupy diflerent positions along said lines in successive views toillustrate movement suggestive of the assumed flow of an electriccurrent.

CHARLES F. BISHOP.

